Specifically, we show that low-frequency TENS activates μ-opioid receptors in the spinal cord and the brainstem, whereas high-frequency TENS activates δ-opioid receptors in the spinal cord and the brainstem. Prior literature from our laboratory shows that, regardless of intensity, different frequencies activate central mechanisms to produce analgesia. In general, higher-frequency stimulation is delivered at sensory intensity, and low-frequency stimulation is delivered at motor intensity. High intensity usually involves a motor contraction but is not painful. Sensory intensity is when the patient feels a strong but comfortable sensation without motor contraction. Intensity may also be varied from sensory to motor intensities. It can be applied with varying frequencies, from low ( 50 Hz).
#TERA FOR MAC 2015 SKIN#
TENS is the application of electrical current through electrodes placed on the skin for pain control.
#TERA FOR MAC 2015 UPDATE#
The purpose of this review is to update the reader on the latest literature concerning TENS: basic science, experimental pain, clinical trials, and systematic reviews. Peripherally, at the site of TENS application, opioid and α-2 noradrenergic receptors are involved in TENS-induced analgesia. Centrally, sites in the spinal cord and brainstem that utilize opioid, serotonin, and muscarinic receptors are activated by TENS. Prior reports show that TENS reduces pain through both peripheral and central mechanisms. Although a number of clinical studies show the effectiveness of TENS for pain, there is still much controversy over which conditions to treat with TENS and the adequate parameters to use. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a commonly used nonpharmacologic and noninvasive treatment for pain. Thus, evidence continues to emerge from both basic science and clinical trials supporting the use of TENS for the treatment of a variety of painful conditions while identifying strategies to increase TENS effectiveness. Clinical trials suggest that adequate dosing, particularly intensity, is critical to obtaining pain relief with TENS. This review also highlights data from recent randomized, placebo-controlled trials and current systematic reviews. Translational studies show mechanisms to prevent analgesic tolerance to repeated application of TENS. Basic science studies using animal models of inflammation show changes in the peripheral nervous system, as well as in the spinal cord and descending inhibitory pathways, in response to TENS. This review updates the basic and clinical science regarding the use of TENS that has been published in the past 3 years (ie, 2005−2008).
TENS has been used to treat a variety of painful conditions. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a nonpharmacologic treatment for pain relief.
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